Impact of Solvent-to-Solid Ratio and Infusion Duration on Extraction Yield and Nitrate Content of Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob. and Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth.: An Optimization Approach
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Abstract
Cyanthillium cinereum and Clausena anisata are herbal plants used as smoking cessation aids. These are nitrate-rich plants that can induce tongue numbness and alter cigarette flavor. This study aimed to optimize the infusion conditions of the whole plant of C. cinereum and the leaves of C. anisata. The circumscribed central composite design was applied to investigate the two infusion factors, including solvent-to-solid ratio and infusion duration. The extracts were analyzed for nitrate content using reversed-phase ion-interaction high-performance liquid chromatography. Results showed that both the extraction yield and nitrate content of C. anisata were higher than those of C. cinereum. The simultaneous achievement of high extraction yield and nitrate content was observed when a high solvent-to-solid ratio and a long infusion duration were used. Analysis of variance revealed that the solvent-to-solid ratio was the only factor significantly affecting extraction yield and nitrate content. The optimal condition for achieving the highest extraction yield and nitrate content simultaneously was found to be a solvent-to-solid ratio of 27:1 and an infusion duration of 13.5 min. For C. cinereum, the obtained extraction yield was 4.67%, with a nitrate content of 0.16%. For C. anisata, the extraction yield was 20.86%, with a nitrate content of 0.83%. The computer program's predictions were reliable and precise, as indicated by the low percentage error. In conclusion, this study successfully clarified the impact of solvent-to-solid ratio and infusion duration on the extraction yield and nitrate content of C. cinereum and C. anisata using an optimization approach.
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