Molecular Mechanisms of Skin Photoaging and the Therapeutic Applications of Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds
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Abstract
Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation accelerates skin aging, leading to structural and functional deterioration characterized by dryness, irregular pigmentation, lentigines, hyperpigmentation, wrinkles, and reduced elasticity. Increasing attention has been given to plant-derived natural compounds for their potential therapeutic applications in mitigating UV-induced skin photoaging. This review critically examines the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying photoaging and explores the therapeutic potential of plant-based natural ingredients. UV radiation induces photoaging through direct damage to cellular macromolecules and indirect oxidative stress mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS-driven signaling cascades contribute to key pathological processes, including inflammation, extracellular matrix degradation, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and immune suppression. Additionally, recent evidence suggests that UV exposure affects adipose tissue homeostasis and modulates transient receptor potential cation channel V, further exacerbating photoaging. Over the past few decades, mechanistic studies have identified multiple therapeutic targets, paving the way for novel interventions. This review highlights promising plant-derived bioactive compounds that counteract UV-induced skin damage through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and photoprotective mechanisms. By elucidating the molecular pathways involved in photoaging and evaluating the efficacy of natural product-based interventions, this work provides insights into potential strategies for preventing and managing UV-induced skin deterioration.
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