Burapha Science Journal

Swarm Intelligence Algorithms and Their Applications

2024-10-06T14:50:00+07:00

Background and objectives : Algorithms inspired by the behavior of living organisms have been developed to apply principles from nature to solve problems in various aspects of daily life, e.g., in science, medicine, engineering, technology, and business management. The developed algorithms follow two main ideas. First, evolutionary algorithms use Darwin's principle of natural selection to choose the most suitable organisms in an unforgiving environment. Second, Swarm Intelligence Algorithms mimic the collaborative behavior of groups of living things, such as flocks of birds or schools of fish. The applications of these algorithms include medical data analysis for disease diagnosis, resource allocation planning in construction projects, traffic system design for improved safety, genetic data analysis to find relationships between genes and diseases, and business data analysis to predict customer buying behavior. These algorithms help increase efficiency, accuracy, and sustainability in solving various problems by applying principles inspired by nature. This article aims to explain working principles and performance, the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of Swarm Intelligence algorithms.

Methodology : The main research steps were the following: 1. Studying and collecting research documents on 10 algorithms: Ant Colony Optimization, Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm, Bat Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization, Flower Pollination Algorithm, Weed Optimization Algorithm, Bee Colony Optimization, Cuckoo Search Algorithm, Bird Flocking Algorithm, and Chicken Swarm Optimization. 2. Analysis of working principles and efficiency of 10 algorithms. 3. Analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the 10 algorithms. 4. Summarizing the applications of the 10 algorithms. 5. Research results and conclusions.

Key findings : This article summarizes the applications of algorithms inspired by the behavior of living organisms to solve various daily life problems in fields such as science, medicine, engineering, technology, and business management. It also aims to explain the advantages and disadvantages of these algorithms in solving complex problems in various aspects of daily life, especially to efficiently achieve sustainable development in society and business. Some applications are such as the following: using intelligent algorithms in medical data analysis for disease diagnosis and environmental management; applying algorithms to analyze medical images for efficient diagnosis and treatment; utilizing algorithms in engineering and technology for infrastructure planning and design to enhance safety and operational efficiency; and using algorithms in business management for data analysis to predict customer behavior and marketing strategies.

Implications : Swarm Intelligence algorithms, inspired by the collective behavior of living organisms, are valuable across various fields. In science, they can be utilized to locate underground oil or mineral resources through a network of sensors that collaborate to enhance efficiency in resource detection. In medicine, they aid in analyzing medical images for disease diagnosis and in complex surgeries by directing the movement of surgical robots, emulating precise, cooperative animal actions. In engineering, swarm algorithms improve intelligent traffic systems, simulating vehicle flows to alleviate congestion and plan safer routes. For technology, swarm-inspired collaborative robots excel in manufacturing, coordinating seamlessly with one another in intricate production lines. In agriculture, they are employed for managing smart farms and controlling drones for pest management. In business, swarm algorithms assist in analyzing consumer behavior by examining purchasing patterns, enabling accurate forecasting and adjustments to marketing strategies to better meet customer needs.

Conclusions : This review found that Swarm Intelligence algorithms were that the 10 swarm intelligence algorithms have different working principles and performance when applied in various tasks, along with their own advantages and disadvantages and limitations in solving problems, with some algorithms being more effective in certain areas. This article also concludes that some types of algorithms can solve complex problems and can be applied in 5 different areas comprehensively. This review may be beneficial to algorithm developers and users alike.

Editorial Note

2024-12-18T11:16:32+07:00

Certain Cyclic Hypergroups with Property of Subhypergroup Indices

2024-06-20T13:39:09+07:00

Background and Objectives : Cyclic groups are one of the important groups which have been studied in many terms of characterizations. Property(D) of a group G is a property that distinct subgroups of G have distinct indices in G. Considering finite and infinite groups separately, it is proved that an arbitrary group is cyclic if and only if it has property(D). That means both groups (Z,+) and (Z_n,+_n) have property(D). Also, hypergroups are generalizations of groups. In this research, we extend the study from groups to hypergroups in order to determine being cyclic hypergroups and property(D) of the hypergroups (Z,o_k) and (Z_n,o^'_k).

Methodology : Using hyperoperations and partitions of sets Z and Z_nto determine being cyclic hypergroups. Finding all identity elements and all subhypergroups together with invertibilities to consider the index of each subhypergroup and prove having property(D) of both hypergroups.

Main Results : The hypergroups (Z,o_k) and (Z_n,o^'_k) are cyclic except k = 0 in (Z,o_k) and both hypergroups have property(D).

Conclusions : In arbitrary hypergroups, property(D) is not a characterization of cyclic hypergroups, which is different from the results in groups. However, the indices of subhypergroups of (Z,o_k) and (Z_n,o^'_k) have the same results as the indices of subgroups of (Z,+) and (Z_n,+_n) respectively.

On the Diophantine Equation n^x-17^y=z^2

2024-07-03T13:05:56+07:00

Background and Objectives: to find the non-negative integer solutions of the Diophantine equation , where is a positive integer, which satisfies one of the following conditions: 1. 2. and 3. and .

Methodology: to prove by using the basic concepts of number theory.

Main Results: If , then the equation has the only non-negative integer solution . If , then the non-negative integer solutions are and , where is a non-negative integer such that is an integer. Moreover, if and , then the equation has the unique non-negative integer solution .

Conclusions: Let be a positive integer. If or and , then the equation has the unique solution . If , then the equation has the solutions and , where is a non-negative integer such that is an integer.

Luminescence and Light Yield of La2O3 and Gd2O3 Glass Host Co-Doped Ce3+, Pr3+

2024-04-24T14:26:12+07:00

Background and Objectives :Develop the efficiency of SBAL and SBALG scintillators and improve the light yield of scintillator by doping Ce³⁺and Pr³⁺ compared with BGO crystal as standard.

Methodology : In this research, 2 formulas of glass scintillators were developed include: 5SiO₂ - 30B₂O₃ - 25Al₂O₃ – 30La₂O₃ (SBAL) and 15SiO₂ - 30B₂O₃ - 25Al₂O₃ – 22.5La₂O₃ – 7.5Gd₂O₃ (SBALG), Both formular were doped with Ce³⁺and Pr³⁺. The glass samples were prepared by melt-quenching method under a CO reducing atmosphere and were annealed at 700^oC for 3 hours.

Main Results : The absorption band of energy compose Gd³⁺ (4f-4f) at 272 nm, Pr³⁺ (4f-4f) at 400-500 nm and the absorption edge of Ce³⁺ (5d-4f) at 370 nm. Moreover, this research applied density functional theory (DFT) and random phase approximation (RPA) to predict the energy absorption performance of glass structures that affect the luminescence of glass samples. The emission band of the Ce³⁺: 5d - 4f transition region 370 - 630 nm and the emission spectra of Pr³⁺ (4f-4f) of glass samples SBAL and SBALG at the energy level ¹D₂®³H₄ transition at 604 nm.

Conclusions : Excitation glass sample with X-rays irradiation found that the luminescence efficiency was about 2.52% of SBAL and 7.83% of SBALG glass sample compared with BGO crystals. The light yield (LY) tested under excitation with a particles (²³⁸Pu) found that the SBALG glass sample has enegy value higher than SBAL compared with BGO crystal. So SBALG glass structure is suitable for using scintillator material because of it has the good ability to react with radiation.

RSPG-Burapha: Enhancing the Database of Local Resources to Support a Learning Ecosystem in the Eastern Region

2024-06-24T09:52:28+07:00

Background and Objectives : RSPG-Burapha is a database and web application for searching, which is part of the research plan of the Lifelong Learning Center RSPG-BUU (under the Plant Genetic Conservation Project under the Royal Initiative of Her Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn).

Methodology : Recent developments have introduced a streamlined homepage (Simple mode) for the RSPG-Burapha platform. This user-friendly interface simplifies navigation and ensures optimal accessibility across various devices. Making learning fun, the platform includes engaging activities for children through RSPG-Kids. The database has been significantly enhanced, offering a comprehensive collection of resources. Biological Resources: Explore detailed information on various plants, their pollen, fruit nutrition, sea grasses, seaweeds, mollusks, shrimps, crayfish, crabs, barnacles, ants, spiders, and marine planktons. Physical Resources: Delve into data on geological formations (rocks, minerals, world physical maps) and gemstones (Ploy Chan). Cultural and Intellectual Resources: Discover a wealth of information on performing arts, traditional herbal medicines, intricate Thai fabric patterns, and regional fruit products. There is a search system that is convenient and fast, matching each type of information. Curriculum Development: In addition to the above, a curriculum exploring biodiversity, resources, culture, and sandy/rocky beach ecosystems is under development. Managing the database is done through the MySQL system using Python, HTML, CSS, and JavaScript

Main Results : The results of an online evaluation on satisfaction towards system usage from the sample group with 529 persons showed a most level of satisfaction at a mean of 4.53. A comparison of the average overall satisfaction levels between Gen Z, Gen Y, and Gen X found overall satisfaction with use of Gen Z ( x-bar = 4.60) was significantly less than Gen Y ( x-bar = 4.93) (p < 0.05). When comparing the overall satisfaction results of Gen Z respondents, the mean satisfaction in 2023 ( x-bar = 4.60) is significantly more than with the result in 2022 ( x-bar = 4.23) (p < 0.05).

Conclusions : Eastern local resource database boosts learning for children and youth, supporting RSPG-BUU as a learning hub. It fosters knowledge expansion and builds an active local learning ecosystem. The database and web application, RSPG Burapha can be accessed from http://www.rspg-db.buu.ac.th/ at server of Burapha University replacing the original website https://www.rspgburapha.com that is about to expire.

Activity of Hydroxymethylpyrimidine Kinase/Thiamine-Phosphate Pyrophosphorylase during Rice Grain Development

2024-07-08T13:19:23+07:00

Background and Objectives : Thiamine, or vitamin B1 is an essential for human body functions and can be found in foods including rice, cereals, meat, and egg yolk. Rice is one of a staple carbohydrate for 50% of world population, especially in Asia. The amount of thiamine in rice varies among different varieties. As a result, Thiamine content in brown rice was studied to access the variation among rice varieties. Hydroxymethylpyrimidine kinase/thiamine-phosphate pyrophosphorylase (HMPPK/TMP-PPase) is one of key enzymes in thiamine biosynthesis. Consequently, HMPPK/TMP-PPase activity was investigated to better understand the level and pattern of this enzyme in rice grain during four developmental stages.

Methodology : Three varieties of rice, RD11, RD43, and Suphanburi 1 (SPR1), were grown in the same environment and time frame. Brown rice was collected at the harvest stage and then extracted by water and used to determine the thiamine content by high performance liquid chromatography. Additionally, the HMPPK/TMP-PPase was extracted and determined the activity in rice grain at four developmental stages: flowering, milky, dough, and harvest.

Main Results : The result showed different varieties accumulate statistic significantly different thiamine content (Tukey HSD, P£0.05). RD11 had the highest thiamine content at 97 ng/grain followed by SPR1 with 81 and 74 ng/grain, respectively. This experiment can categorized rice of this studied into 2 groups: high thiamine content (RD11) and lower thiamine content (SPR1 and RD43). The study of HMPPK/TMP-PPase activity revealed a consistent pattern across all 3 varieties. The HMPPK/TMP-PPase activity was lowest during the flowering, increased during milky, reached its highest level during the dough stage, and then decreased at harvest stage, both per grain and per protein basis. The average HMPPK/TMP-PPase activity across all grain developmental stages was highest in RD11 (0.37 n mole/mg protein/min), compared to SPR1 and RD43 (0.20 and 0.13 n mole/mg protein/min, respectively).

Conclusions : The activity of HMPPK/TMP-PPase varied among the developmental stages of rice grain. The activity of this enzyme was correlated with the thiamine content in 3 rice varieties. These findings will be valuable data for the breeder aiming to develop rice varieties with high thiamine content.

Study of Carbon Dioxide Adsorption on Metals Supported on Activated Carbon Prepared from Apricot Stones

2024-06-24T08:35:29+07:00

Background and Objectives : Two urgent matters receiving much attention from many researchers are: (1) reducing the amount of greenhouse gases that cause global warming, especially carbon dioxide, which is generated from combustion to produce energy. The most applicable technology for CO₂ capture is an adsorption process; (2) zero waste through the recycling process and transformation into value-added goods. The objective of this research is to study the CO₂ adsorption on activated carbon made from apricot stones, a waste product from a food processing factory, and to investigate the CO₂ adsorption on activated carbon added Zn, Cu, and Ce metals, including CuZn and CeZn metals.

Methodology : Apricot stones were converted into activated carbon (ASAC) by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide and carbonization at 750°C. Metallic adsorbents were prepared by adding 1.0wt%Zn, 1.0wt%Cu, 1.0wt%Ce, 0.5wt%Cu1.0wt%Zn, and 0.5wt%Ce1.0wt%Zn by impregnation technique to modify the ASAC-activated carbon surface. The morphology characteristics of these prepared adsorbents were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, and their surface area, pore volume, and average pore size were determined by N₂ physisorption. For the CO₂ adsorption, adsorption isotherm was investigated at 0°C.

Main Results : All metallic adsorbents had a higher surface area, except 1.0Ce/ASAC, and a smaller pore size when compared with ASAC-activated carbon. A 1.0 Zn/ASAC adsorbent possesses the highest surface area (756.90 m2/g) and the biggest pore size (1.90 nm) when compared with other metallic adsorbents. The CO₂ adsorption isotherms’ results showed that the modified ASAC-activated carbons with metals can enhance the CO₂ capacity. The CO₂ capacity of 1.0Zn/ASAC was 90.49 cm³/g, which was the highest value. The next order was 1.0Ce/ASAC (90.01 cm³/g) and then 0.5Ce1.0Zn/ASAC (89.91 cm³/g), whereas the CO₂ capacity of ASAC-activated carbon was 699.83 cm³/g, which was the lowest value.

Conclusions : The BET surface area and pore size of ASAC-activated carbon affected the CO₂ capacity. Adding metals (1.0Zn, 1.0Cu, 1.0Ce, 0.5Cu1.0Zn, and 0.5Ce1.0Zn) to ASAC-activated carbon made it absorb more CO₂ than ASAC-activated carbon alone. The CO₂ capacity of the studied adsorbents was in the order: 1.0Zn/ASAC > 1.0Ce/ASAC > 0.5Ce1.0Zn/ASAC > 1.0Cu/ASAC > 0.5Cu1.0Zn/ASAC > ASAC.

Development of Lum-Duan Cookies Mixed with Riceberry Rice

2024-06-22T09:52:14+07:00

Background and Objectives : Gleeb Lamduan is a traditional Thai dessert known for its beautiful appearance, resembling Lamduan flowers. However, there are challenges in its production and distribution, such as the dessert easily changing shape during transportation or storage for sale. The outer surface of the dessert is moist, causing it to stick to the packaging during packing, resulting in an unappetizing appearance. Additionally, the production process of this dessert requires meticulousness and time. This research aimed to develop Gleeb lamduan dessert in the form of cookies and study the use of rice berry instead of wheat flour in Lamduan cookie products to increase health benefits. The nutritional values, chemical quality, physical properties, and microbial properties of Lamduan cookie products mixed with Riceberry rice were analyzed.

Methodology : For the selection of the basic recipe in order to develop Lamduan cookies using 4 different recipes for Gleeb Lamduan, a sensory preference test with 100 general consumers was conducted. The basic recipe that received the highest liking score was used to develop the Lamduan Cookie recipe. The appropriate ratio of Riceberry rice instead of wheat flour in the Lamduan cookie recipe at 6 levels, namely 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%, respectively, was studied. The recipe that received the highest liking score was developed, investigated for the appropriate form of the product, and analyzed the nutritional value, chemical, physical, and microbial quality for assessment of shelf life.

Main Results : The results showed that the basic recipe for Gleeb Lamduan dessert that received the highest liking score was the recipe adapted from Karedee (2014), consisting of 47.62% cake flour, 23.81% icing sugar, 23.81% rice bran oil, and 4.77% white butter. The appropriate ratio for using Riceberry rice instead of all-purpose wheat flour was 30%, which obtained the highest overall acceptability by panelists (p≤0.05). In the development of Lamduan cookies mixed with Riceberry rice, the adjustment of the texture of the product involved reducing the amounts of vegetable oil and adding of shortening, the molds were then used for forming of cookies by the production method of pressed cookies. The nutritional value of 100 grams of Lamduan cookies mixed with Riceberry rice provides approximately 538.23 kilocalories of energy. After studying the chemical, physical, and microbial quality of Lamduan cookies mixed with Riceberry rice for a period of 2 months, it was found that the physical characteristics had slightly changed, while the microbial quality remained according to the community product standard "Cookies” (TCPS:118/2012).

Conclusions : The basic recipe for developing Lamduan cookies included 47.62% cake flour, 23.81% icing sugar, 23.81% rice bran oil, and 4.77% shortening butter. The optimal substitution ratio for using Riceberry rice flour instead of all-purpose flour was 30%. The development of Lamduan cookies involves modifying the traditional Gleeb Lamduan dessert to resemble cookies by reducing the amount of vegetable oil and increasing the amount of shortening. The cookies are shaped using the pressed cookie method. The 100 grams of Lamduan cookies contained approximately 538 kilocalories of energy. The chemical, physical, and microbial qualities of the Lamduan cookies remained according to the criteria for consumption over 2 months.

Effect of Thai Chili (Capsicum frutescens L.) Seed Priming for Salinity Tolerance with Different Chemical Solutions and Different Soaking Times on Growth, Yield, Some Physiological Characteristics and Secondary Compounds Contents

2024-08-02T16:55:38+07:00

Background and Objectives : Soil salinity affects the growth and yield of plants. In particular, Thai Chili (Capsicum frutescens L.) is classified as a glycophyte genotype, which is unable to grow under high salinity. This research aimed to study the effects of seed priming with different chemical solutions and soaking times on the growth, yield, physiological characteristics, and secondary compound contents of Thai Chili under salt stress conditions

Methodology : The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design. The first experiment consisted of 32 treatments (4 replications/treatment, 50 seeds/replication). Thai Chili seeds were primed by soaking in RO water, 20 mM NaCl, 10 mM CaCl₂, 0.2 mM ASA, and 25 mM GB for 12-48 h, along with a non-primed seed group. These seeds were then planted under normal or saline stress conditions (50 mM NaCl) to determine the percentage of seed germination and the mean germination time. The second and third experiments had 5 treatments with 4 replications each. Thai Chili seeds were primed by soaking in chemicals and subsequently grown under the same conditions as in the first experiment.

Main Results : Priming Thai Chili seeds with 20 mM NaCl for 12 h, 10 mM CaCl₂ for 24 h, 0.2 mM ASA for 48 h, and 25 mM GB for 24 h increased seed germination and allowed growth under salinity stress. Primed seeds grown under salt stress conditions maintained a high germination rate and exhibited a mean germination time similar to those grown under non-salt stress conditions. The outcomes at the vegetative and reproductive stages revealed that Thai Chili plants grown from seeds soaked in 0.2 mM ASA for 48 h showed similar results in growth, yield components, yield, certain physiological characteristics, and amounts of secondary compounds under both normal and saline stress conditions.

Conclusions : The suitable treatment for increasing seed tolerance to saline stress in this study was seed priming with 0.2 mM ASA for 48 h. Seeds primed with this treatment exhibited no statistically significant differences in growth, yield components, yield, some physiological characteristics, and secondary compound contents at the germination, vegetative, and reproductive stages of plants grown under both normal and saline stress conditions.

The Algebras of Atomic Formulas Generated by Mappings with an Invariant Set

2024-06-20T11:55:07+07:00

Background and Objectives : Atomic formulas, mathematical expressions used in a theory of classical logic, are combined from terms and relation symbols.

Methodology : Based on a mapping with an invariant set on a finite set (1,...,n) for a positive integer n. Atomic formulas generated by such mapping and some concrete examples are presented. By applying a superposition operation Rⁿ, we show that the algebra of atomic formulas generated by a mapping with an invariant set satisfying some axioms is formed.

Main Results : The monoid of full hypersubstitutions for algebraic systems of some types defined on the set of atomic formulas generated by a mapping with an invariant set is proved. Two algebras of such formulas with respect to a superposition Rⁿand a binary operation o_r which are tools to study a theory of hyperidentities are constructed.

Conclusions : Atomic formulas generated by mappings with an invariant set are given. Algebras of these formulas satisfty the superassociative law.

Optimized Conditions of Acid Digestion Procedure for Metals Determination in PM2.5 Samples by ICP-OES

2024-08-15T08:50:58+07:00

Background and Objectives : The limitations of chemical analysis in particulate samples for air pollution monitoring are limited sample amount and detection limits of some critical parameters, such as trace metals with low concentrations in the nanogram per milliliter level. This research aims to optimized conditions of acid digestion of particulate matter samples for trace metal determination by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).

Methodology : PM_2.5samples were collected during the Yi Peng Festival in 2019 with a high-volume air sampler, at a flow rate of 1000 liters per minute for 24 hours. A total of 7 samples with different concentrations of trace metals were used for optimization study for 5 methods of acid digestion conditions. Different parameters such as sample amount, type and amount of acid, heating methods were selected to obtain the best performance. The method validation was then evaluated for the determination of 11 types of metals, including Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb and Ni in PM_2.5samples by ICP-OES technique.

Main Results : The most suitable digestion method was found to be as follows : degesting 1 piece of PM_2.5samples with diameter 4.71 centimeter using a mixture of 16.75% hydrochloric acid and 5.55% nitric acid in a volume of 20 milliliters, heating the samples with a test tube heater at 95 degrees Celsius and adjusting to a final volume of 10 milliliters before the measurement. The validation of the analysis for 11 metals showed that the linearity range was between 0.001-10 ppm, with the correlation coefficients (r²) ranging from 0.9981 to 0.9998. The limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.015 to 0.154 ppm, and the limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.031 to 0.323 ppm. The accuracy in terms of percentage recovery (%Recovery) ranged from 80-120%. The precision in terms of relative standard deviation (%RSD) ranged from 2-7%, except for Ca, K, Mg, and Pb.

Conclusions : The optimized conditions of acid digestion can significantly enhance the ability of trace metal determinations in PM_2.5samples by ICP-OES. The method of metal analysis presented in this work would be useful for atmospheric chemistry research, particularly in assessing the sources of pollutants and their health impacts.

Analysis of Beta-Carotene, Tocopherol and Fatty Acid in Red Palm Oil for Development as Soap Products

2024-07-17T18:47:56+07:00

Background and Objectives : Palm oil is a type of oil that can be used as a source of fatty acids, which are cleaning agents produced from the reaction of fats with strong alkalis. Red palm oil is a crude palm oil obtained specifically from pressing the fruit's flesh and has not undergone bleaching. It has a balanced composition of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and is rich in important nutrients. Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyze the amount levels of beta-carotene, tocopherols, and fatty acids in red palm oil obtained from pressing the pulp of fallen oil palm fruit, and to develop bar soap products from it. The results of this study can provide a pathway for generating income and increasing the value of palm oil products during periods when palm oil prices fluctuate according to market dynamics.

Methodology : Red palm oil obtained from extraction was analyzed for beta-carotene and tocopherols using high-performance liquid chromatography techniques. The fatty acid content was analyzed using gas chromatography. The oil was then used to develop bar soap products. The resulting soap was tested for user satisfaction and evaluated for its physical characteristics and chemical properties.

Main Results : The analysis of red palm oil found that the amount of beta-carotene and tocopherol was 60.89 and 21.67 mg/100g, respectively. The fatty acid content included lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid, found at percentages of 0.25, 1.15, 39.11, 3.80, 0.36, 0.17, 9.96, and 0.35 by mass, respectively. User satisfaction testing regarding sensory characteristics, including foam quantity, skin cleansing ability, skin moisture, fragrance, color, and soap hardness, was conducted with 30 users. The results indicated that formulation C had the highest overall satisfaction score of 6.92. Physical testing showed a pH value of 9.76±0.02, an immediate foam volume of 27.00±2.00 mL after shaking, and corrosion percentage of 15.25±1.53. For the chemical properties, the insoluble matter in ethanol was found to be 1.92±0.35%, total fat matter content was 64.57±1.29%, and no free caustic alkali content was detected.

Conclusions : Red palm oil is rich in beta-carotene, tocopherols, and both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. When developed into soap products and assessed for their physical and chemical properties, they were found to meet the criteria of community product standards and industrial product standards. This ensures safety for use and serves as a pathway for generating income, adding value to palm oil.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extracts from Fruticose Lichen genus Usnea

2024-09-16T12:17:11+07:00

Background and Objectives : This research aims to evaluate the potential of antioxidant and antibacterial potential of crude extracts from the lichen genus Usnea, along with the analysis of total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents. The study investigates the effectiveness of these extracts against various bacterial strains and their potential applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Methodology : The lichen genus Usnea was extracted using four solvents: 95% ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and boiling water, to isolate bioactive compounds. Antioxidant activities were assessed using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Antibacterial activities were evaluated using agar well diffusion and broth microdilution methods, with further analysis of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC).

Main Results : The results show the highest antioxidant activities in boiling water, with DPPH having an IC₅₀ of 0.741±0.021 mg/ml, ABTS having an IC₅₀ of 1.001±0.005 mg/ml, and the FRAP value being 27.927±0.129 mg FeSO₄/g extract. The antibacterial properties of the ethanolic, acetone, and ethyl acetate extracts showed that they have a capacity to inhibit Bacillus cereus TISTR 1449, Staphylococcus epidermidis TISTR 2162, and Escherichia coli TISTR 527, but they are not effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa TISTR 1287. Three stains showed ethanolic extract with MIC and MBC values of 20 mg/ml. The aqueous extract had MIC and MBC values of 40 mg/ml, resulting in a inhibition of B. cereus TISTR 1449. Furthermore, the ethanolic extract contained a high amount of total phenolic content (93.772±2.847 mg/g extract), total flavonoid content (36.847±0.613 mg/g extract), and tannin content (90.467±2.784 mg/g extract).

Conclusions : This study demonstrates the antioxidant and antibacterial effects of Usnea lichen extracts, providing insights for potential applications in various industries. These findings provide valuable insights for future development and application in pharmaceutical and food industries, enhancing the use of natural products for health-related benefits.

Embryonic Development of Mud Crab (Scylla paramamosain) Developed in Water Recirculation Housing System

2024-08-27T20:54:14+07:00

Background and Objectives : Mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) is a potentially economic aquatic culture species with less success in propagation. One of the major problems of mud crab culture is lacking quality and low reproductive berried female broodstock. This study aims to assess embryonic development, egg diameter, and egg volume of berried female mud crabs incubated in a recirculation broodstock housing system at Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus to provide supporting data for S. paramamosain hatchery propagation.

Methodology : The methods used include rearing female mud crab broodstock (stage III-IV), collected from the wild and semi-intensive pond culture, in the recirculation broodstock housing system. Egg samples from berried female crabs were collected daily to investigate embryonic development, egg diameter, and egg volume. Altogether, 93 samples of berried female crab were determined during a period of 14 months (January 2023 – February 2024). Compared the egg size among different days of the incubation period by using one-way ANOVA with DMRT post hoc test and investigated the relationship between egg size and the incubation period by using simple linear regression.

Main Results : Embryonic development of S. paramamosain including cleavage, blastula, gastrula, eyespot-pigmentation, thoracico-abdominal and heartbeat-prehatching stages. The incubation period was 9 -11 days at water salinity and temperature of 32-35 ppt and 27-30 ºC, respectively. The average diameter and volume of egg on the first day of spawning were 348.71±15.85 µm and 21.51±3.04 ×10⁶ µm³, respectively. It later increased to 412.38±19.10 µm and 35.97±5.12×10⁶ µm³, respectively on the prehatching day. Egg diameter (µm) and egg volume (µm³) were significantly determined (p<0.01) by the incubation period of egg development (day) using a simple linear regression model at the coefficient of determinations (R²) of 68.83% and 68.28%, respectively. During the incubation period, the egg color changed gradually from yellow to orange, brown, gray, and black, respectively. The first hatching was found on day 9 while the egg color was gray or black and the egg diameter of 425.58±17.69 µm or the egg volume of 39.55±5.08×10⁶ µm³.

Conclusions : Mud crab egg embryonic development was classified into 6 stages. Egg diameter and egg volume increased significantly during the development period. The egg diameter varied from 348.71- 437.16 µm. Prehatching egg diameter was 412.38±19.10 µm. The size of the egg (diameter and volume) was determined by the incubation period of egg development (day) with the R²of 68%.

The Development of a Drought Warning System using Geo-information Technology, Nakhon Sawan Province

2024-10-03T21:41:57+07:00

Background and Objectives : The research objective was to develop a warning system for monitoring drought using Geo-Information technology in Nakhon Sawan province based on multi-source satellite data

Methodology : The study divides the factors used for analysis into three main groups. The first group consists of meteorological factors, including daily rainfall data from the Himawari-9 satellite, as well as air temperature and relative humidity data from the Aqua MODIS satellite. The second group includes biospheric factors, such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) obtained from the Terra MODIS satellite. Both meteorological and biospheric factors are processed in real-time daily using Python script. The third group comprises physical factors of the area, including proximity to watercourses, soil drainage, slope, elevation, stream density, and sub-watershed size. All these factors are then used to analyze drought-prone areas. Furthermore, an automated drought risk area warning system was developed to provide geospatial information services through a website. The data is served by a Geo-server, and maps are displayed using OpenLayers, a JavaScript library.

Main Results : The study found that Nakhon Sawan province has a moderate drought risk area covering 2,114,591 rai, or 35.05% of the total area, with the high drought risk area covering 1,810,103 rai, or 29.87%. Most of these areas are outside the irrigation zone, including Tak Fa District, Takhli District, Tha Tako District, Chum Tabong District, Lat Yao District, and Phaisali District. On the other hand, the low drought risk area, covering 918,031 rai, or 16.12% of the total area, is primarily found in Mae Wong, Chum Saeng, and Mae Poen districts.

Conclusions : The warning system can display daily drought risk areas, rainfall, air temperature, relative humidity, NDVI, and NDWI via https://hss.nsru.ac.th/droughtNS/, providing essential information for decision-making and water management authorities.

Effect of Soybean Meal Fermented with Bacillus subtillis var. natto on Growth Performance of Juvenile Asian Seabass (Lates culcarifer Bloch, 1970)

2024-10-01T13:35:54+07:00

Background and Objectives : Asian sea bass is an economically species is widely cultured in coastal area. In Trang province, Asian sea bass is popular raised in cages distributed along coastal arear and estuaries, using both commercial diet and trash fish. Although commercial feed encourages better growth performance but its increases costs significantly. Some farmers try to used trash fish as feed because it is readily available daily. However, the constraint of trash fish is variable nutritional values that effect on fish growth. Therefore, the objectives of this experiment are to seeking for cost-effective diets by replacement fish meal by fermented soybean meal with Bacillus subtilis var. natto in order to investigate the effects of this alternative feed on growth performance, feed efficiency, and feed cost in Asian seabass farming.

Methodology : One thousand and two hundred Asian sea bass with initial weight 37.00-38.18 gram were randomly distributed into twelve net cages (2×1.5×2 meter), one hundred fish per cage. The three experimental diets were the commercial feed for sea bass (CM), the diet contained fermented soybean meal (NT), and trash fish (TF). Fish were fed once daily (8.00 A.M.) till satiation for 160 days.

Main Results : Mean body weight, specific growth rate, Survival rate, and yield/cage of Asian seabass were not significantly different (P>0.05) among all treatment groups of fish. However, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and feed cost were significantly different (P<0.05). The Asian seabass fed on CM diet had the lowest feed intake, followed by those of fish fed on NT diet, while fish fed on TF diet had the highest feed intake. Feed conversion ratio of fish fed on NT diet was not different comparison to fish fed on CM diet, and showed lower than those of fish fed on TF diet. Protein efficiency ratio of fish fed on NT diet was lower than those of fish fed on CM and TF diets. Fish fed on NT diet had the lowest feed cost, followed by those of fish fed on CM diet, while fish fed on TF diet showed the highest feed cost.

Conclusions : The results of this experiment showed that Asian seabass fed with partial replacement of fish meal by fermented soybean with Bacillus subtilis var. natto had similar growth performances, survival rates and yields with commercial feed or trash fish. Additionally, it could significantly lower the feed cost for seabass raised in cages.

The Development of Plant-Based Ice Cream from Germinated Legume Milk

2024-10-04T09:08:09+07:00

Background and Objectives: The development of plant-based ice cream products made from germinated legume milk aims to achieve three objectives: (1) to investigate the production process of plant-based ice cream using germinated legume milk; (2) to evaluate the acceptance of plant-based ice cream made from germinated legume milk; and (3) to analyze the chemical, physical, and microbiological properties of plant-based ice cream made from germinated legume milk.

Methodology: Three types of legumes (black beans, soybeans, and white beans) germinated. in order to extract germinated legume milk as a substitute for dairy milk in ice cream formulations. A mixture design experimental approach was used, resulting in 6 different formulations. The ice cream produced from these formulations was then analyzed to select the three formulations with the highest GABA content. These three selected formulations were further evaluated for their acceptability as plant-based ice cream made from germinated legume milk. Sensory quality attributes such as color, aroma, taste, creaminess, mouthfeel, stability, and overall preference were assessed. Additionally, physical properties including pH, color values, hardness, viscosity, total soluble solids, and overrun were measured. Chemical properties were also studied, including GABA content, total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and chemical composition.

Main Results: After 8 hours of soaking, the three legume types exhibited different water absorption rates, with soybeans absorbing the most water. After 24 hours of germinating, white beans showed the fastest growth. The geminated legumes were steamed and blended with water to produce germinated legume milk for the ice cream formulations. Among the six formulations, Formula 6 (55:35:10) demonstrated the highest GABA content (32.05 mg/100 g), followed by Formula 5 (29.04 mg/100 g) and Formula 4 (22.10 mg/100 g). Sensory evaluation revealed that Formula 6, with a ratio of black bean, soybean, and white bean milk at 55:35:10, was most widely accepted. This formulation exhibited a pH of 6.65, brightness (L*) of 73.52, redness (a*) of 1.97, yellowness (b*) of 10.86, hardness of 115.94 g-force, total soluble solids of 18.40 °Brix, viscosity of 4840.35 cP, and overrun of 59.48%. Chemical analyses revealed a GABA content of 33.05 mg/100 g, total phenolics of 25.99 mg GAE/100 mL, total flavonoids of 76.88 mg QE/100 mL, and antioxidant activities (FRAP, DPPH, ABTS, ORAC) of 14.38, 19.76, 22.93, and 160.96, respectively. The chemical composition of the ice cream per 100 grams consisted of 80.42 grams of moisture, 2.39 grams of protein, 2.96 grams of fat, 0.63 grams of ash, 13.60 grams of carbohydrates, and 90.6 kcal of energy.

Conclusions: The plant-based ice cream formulated with a ratio 55:35:10 of black beans, soybeans, and white beans showed the highest GABA content. This formulation exhibited a higher amount of black bean milk, contributing to elevated levels of total phenolics and flavonoids, which are known to enhance antioxidant capacity. The nutritional composition also showed an increase in moisture, protein, and ash content, while fat and carbohydrate levels decreased. Therefore, using germinated legumes in ice cream production contributes to a higher protein content and lower fat and carbohydrate content, making it a nutritionally favorable alternative to traditional dairy ice cream.

Development of Reduced-Sugar Pineapple Paste and Consumer Acceptance Test

2024-09-09T10:56:41+07:00

Background and Objectives : Pineapple paste is a processed fruit product produced commercially. The main ingredients for producing pineapple paste are pineapple pulp, sugar, and glucose syrup. Therefore, this product is not suitable for health-conscious consumers who want to control sugar, which makes it unable to meet the needs of consumers. Hence, this research aims to develop a formula and production process for reduced-sugar pineapple paste and to raise the standard of community products.

Methodology : The development of optimal proportion and production process for reduced-sugar pineapple paste was divided into two parts, including (1) the proportions of two types of sweeteners (maltitol syrup and maltodextrin) were varied into four levels of maltitol syrup to maltodextrin (20:80, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50) by weight, (2) 50% sugar content to maltitol syrup and three levels of maltodextrin (10, 15 and 20%) and (3) proportions of sugar to maltitol syrup and four levels of maltodextrin (1:1 and 1:2, 0 and 10%) by weight. The reduced-sugar pineapple paste was examined for physical and chemical quality values, including appearance, color value, texture (hardness), water activity moisture content, and sensory evaluation to select the appropriate proportion for the best quality. Product quality evaluation according to community product standards, consumer acceptance tests, and overall changes in the quality of reduced-sugar pineapple paste were studied during storage.

Main Results :The study found that the optimum proportion for producing reduced sugar pineapple paste consisted of blended pineapple pulp 71.23% maltitol syrup, 14.25% sugar, 7.12% glucose syrup, 7.12% salt, 0.21%, and citric acid 0.07%, respectively. The optimum process was picking pineapples, peeling, washing with clean water, cutting, blending, stirring (direct heating), cooling, packing, and storing in sealed packaging. The overall reduced-sugar pineapple paste products were following standard quality. The appearance of reduced-sugar pineapple paste presented a good natural color and smell of pineapple preserves, no foreign matter, which was not a used component, and the result of microorganisms checking was according to the specified criteria. The result of the consumer acceptance test by Central Location Test (CLT) of 200 people found that the average consumer rated all characteristics at a moderate to very good level, the average overall liking score was 7.60, which 90.00% of consumers accepted the product, and will purchase the products accounted for 90.00 percent. Reduced-sugar pineapple paste could be stored for more than 8 weeks in sealed packaging at room temperature.

Conclusions :Reduced-sugar pineapple paste was a processed fruit product that reduced sugar content to 80 percent by weight (compared with the original product with sugar added). Maltitol syrup was used as a sweetener substitute 40% by weight of sugar from the prototype formula. The quality reduced-sugar pineapple paste followed standard quality and obtained a good appearance, the natural color, and the aroma of pineapple preserves without foreign matter. The microorganisms’ checking result was according to the specified criteria.

Efficiency Comparison of Micro-Nanobubble (Chan shrimp model I) with Air Disc and Airlift Aeration Systems in Intensive Indoor Red Tilapia Culture Ponds

2024-11-09T17:45:12+07:00

Background and Objectives: Currently, the intensive farming of red tilapia is commonly practiced in indoor facilities, requiring an aeration system to provide dissolved oxygen levels suitable for the fish growth. Therefore, the objective of this study is to compare the efficiency of the micro-nanobubble aeration system, the Chan shrimp model I, with an air disc aeration system and an airlift aeration system under standard conditions and in intensive culture ponds of red tilapia in indoor facilities.

Methodology: A randomized complete block design was applied with three treatments: T1) the air disc system, T2) the airlift aeration system, and T3) the micro-nanobubble aeration system with 99% oxygen concentration in the air. The block is designated as the experimental rounds or the day of experiment. The experiments were carried out in triplicate (3 days) and established using 3 round canvas tanks with a diameter of 3 m and filled with water to a depth of 70 cm to gain a total water volume of 4.95 m³. The efficiency of the three aeration systems was measured under two environments: standard condition using clean tap water, and culture water from the red tilapia canvas tank. Including the efficiency test in the Red tilapia culture ponds, where the fish with an average weight(+SD) of 244.92±0.21 - 245.46±0.15 g and an average length(+SD) of 21.16±0.42 - 21.27±0.23 cm were stocked at 500 fish/pond equivalent to 70.77 fish/m² or 24.74±0.02 – 24.81±0.03 kg/m³. Temperature and dissolved oxygen changes were recorded and subsequently used to calculate the efficiency of the three aeration systems, as well as aeration system cost and energy cost.

Main Results: Under standard environment of clean tap water, the standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR; kgO₂.hr^-1) and standard aeration efficiency (SAE; kgO₂.kW^-1.hr^-1) of the micro-nanobubble aeration system showed the highest efficiency with significant difference(p<0.05), followed by the airlift aeration system and the air disc system, respectively. Similarly, under the culture water environment, the micro-nanobubble aeration system had the significantly highest(p<0.05) standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR, kgO₂.hr^-1) and standard aeration efficiency (SAE, kgO₂.kW^-1.hr^-1). The airlift aeration system ranked second and followed by air disc aeration systems, respectively. The micro-nanobubble aeration system had the significantly lowest(p<0.05) total aeration cost percentage(+SD) (28.69±3.81%) compared to the airlift and air disc aeration systems, respectively. Additionally, the micro-nanobubble aeration system did deliver the highest cost saving(+SD) (71.31±3.81%) followed by the airlift aeration system and the air disc system, respectively. Furthermore, in the red tilapia pond, the micro-nanobubble aeration system demonstrated a significantly higher (p<0.05) field oxygen transfer rate (OTR_f, kgO₂.hr^-1), aeration efficiency (AE_f, kgO₂.kW^-1.hr^-1), and power requirement (P_R; W) than those of the airlift and air disc aeration systems, respectively.

Conclusions: The micro-nanobubble aeration system, Chan shrimp model I, demonstrated the highest efficiency in increasing dissolved oxygen in water. Additionally, it reduced energy cost(+SD) as much as 57.09±1.41% and 14.22±2.40% compared to those of the air disc and airlift aeration systems, respectively.

Bioactive Compounds and Biological Activities of Wild Edible Plant Flowers

2024-09-02T15:19:16+07:00

Background and Objectives: Thailand has a rich biodiversity of wild edible plants, which are important sources of food and medicine in traditional knowledge, due to their nutrient contents and bioactive substances. This research aimed to determine important nutrients, bioactive compounds, and biological activities of flowers from wild edible plants.

Methodology: Six species of wild edible plant flowers including Dolichandrone serrulata (DC.) Seem, Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin & Barneby (cassia), Curcuma sessilis Gage, Curcuma parviflora Wall, Azadirachta indica A.Juss var. siamensis Valeton (neem) and Cratoxylum formosum (Jacq.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Dyer, were studied. The flower samples were dried and analyzed for the content of nutrients (moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrates, dietary fiber and ash). The dried samples were then extracted with 80% methanol for analysis of bioactive compounds (total phenolic substances and total flavonoid substances) and for biological activity assessments including antioxidant activity (TAC, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP), cytotoxicity to cancer cells (breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and liver cancer cells (HepG2)) and inhibition of a-amylase enzyme and a-glucosidase enzymes.

Main Results: Wild edible plant flowers were found to contain high amounts of protein, fiber, and carbohydrates, but were low in fat content. Total phenolic content ranged from 32.34 to 66.53 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram dry weight, with the highest level found in the flowers of Curcuma parviflora Wall. Total flavonoid content ranged from 0.59 to 7.35 mg rutin equivalents per gram of dry weight, and from 2.28 to 27.59 mg quercetin equivalent per gram dry weight with the highest content found in cassia flowers. Cassia flowers had the highest TAC value, neem flowers exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals, and Cratoxylum formosum flowers had the highest FRAP values. The extracts from neem and cassia flowers also showed the highest toxicity to both breast (MCF-7) and liver cancer cells (HepG2). The neem flower extract possessed the greatest inhibitory effect on activity of the a-amylase enzyme, while cassia flowers showed the highest effect in inhibiting a-glucosidase activity.

Conclusions: The six wild edible flower species examined in this study are good sources of nutrients and bioactive compounds, demonstrating antioxidant properties, cytotoxic effects on cancer cells, and the ability to inhibit enzymes associated with the development of diabetes. Notably, Senna siamea (cassia) and Azadirachta indica (neem) showed the greatest potential. This research supports the utilization of these six wild edible flowers as a food source for humans and their application in functional foods and related food products.