The recycling potential of various local lignocellulosic residues for the cultivation of Pleurotus nebrodensis (Inzenga) Quél.
Keywords:
agro−wastes, bioconversion of lignocellulosic wastes, edible mushroom, mushroom cultivation, P. nebrodensisAbstract
Various lignocellulosic waste products, generated from agricultural harvesting, present significant environmental challenges in terms of their use and disposal. The cultivation of mushrooms offers a cost−effective biotechnological method to recycle these lignocellulosic residues. This study aimed to assess the suitability of local lignocellulosic residues for the cultivation of P. nebrodensis, a relatively new species in mushroom cultivation. The study measured several parameters: spawn colonization periods (15.7−17.0 days), initiation of the first primordia (38.7−41.3 days), total harvest periods (77.3−83.3 days), and total yields (6.7−10.5 g/100 g) for P. nebrodensis grown on bean pods (BP), a mixture of bean pods and chickpea pods (BP−CP, 1:1), and a mixture of bean pods and wheat straw (BP−WS, 1:1). While there were no statistically significant differences in the first primordia initiation period, first harvest period, total harvest period, or second yield, significant differences were observed in spawn colonization period, first yield, second primordia initiation period, and total yields. These findings suggest that exploring less costly and more readily available alternative substrates, such as BP, CP, and WS wastes, could be advantageous for P. nebrodensis production. In conclusion, there is a need for further research on the cultivation of P. nebrodensis using various agricultural wastes, given its emerging status among cultivated mushrooms.
References
Akyüz M, Kırbağ S. 2024 − Cultivation of king eryngii (Pleurotus eryngii (DC. ex Fr.) Quel.) isolates on various local agro-residues. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 14, 12197‒12205. Doi 10.1007/s13399-022-03051-6
Atila F. 2017 − Evaluation of suitability of various agro−wastes for productivity of Pleurotus djamor, Pleurotus citrinopileatus and Pleurotus eryngii mushrooms. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 17, 1–11.
Atila F, Cetin M. 2024 − Bioconversion of lavender oil extraction wastes through cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae: Its effects on yield, nutritional content and antioxidant capacity of the mushroom. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 58, 103138.
Doi 10.1016/j.bcab.2024.103138
Bellettini MB, Fiorda FA, Maieves HA, Teixeira GL, et al. 2019 − Factors affecting mushroom Pleurotus spp. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 26, 633–646. Doi 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.12.005
Blasi A, Verardi A, Lopresto CG, Siciliano S, Sangiorgio P. 2023 − Lignocellulosic agricultural waste valorization to obtain valuable products: An overview. Recycling 8, 61. Doi 10.3390/recycling8040061
Choi DB, Nam HG, Cha WS. 2006 − Studies on cultivation and biological activities of Pleurotus nebrodensis inzenga. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 23, 241−246.
Cirlincione F, Gargano ML, Venturella G, Mirabile G. 2022 − Conservation strategies of the culinary−medicinal mushroom Pleurotus nebrodensis (Basidiomycota, Fungi). Biology and Life Sciences Forum 15, 1−14. Doi 10.3390/IECD2022-12355
Correa RCG, Brugnari T, Bracht A, Peralta RM, Ferreira IC. 2016 − Biotechnological, nutritional, and therapeutic uses of Pleurotus spp. (oyster mushroom) related with its chemical composition: a review on the past decade findings. Trends in Food Science & Technology 50,
–117. Doi 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.01.012
Delmas J, Mamoun M. 1983 − Le Pleurote en corne d’abondance un champignon aujourd’hui cultivable en France. PHM Revue Horticole 240, 39−46.
Devi KB, Malakar R, Kumar A, Sarma N, et al. 2023 − Ecofriendly utilization of lignocellulosic wastes: mushroom cultivation and value addition. In: Value−addition in agri−food industry waste through enzyme technology. Academic Press, pp 237−254.
Gargano ML, Zervakis GI, Venturella G. 2013 − Cultivation and nutritional value of Pleurotus nebrodensis. In: Gargano ML, Zervakis GI, Venturella G (eds), Pleurotus nebrodensis, a very special mushrooms, Bentham Science Publishers, pp 99−120.
https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97816080580061130101
Gargano ML, Zervakis GI, Venturella G. 2013 − Pleurotus nebrodensis a very special mushroom. Bentham Science Publishers.
Grimm D, Wösten HAB. 2018 − Mushroom cultivation in the circular economy. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 102, 7795–7803. Doi 10.1007/s00253-018-9226-8018
Guardia M, Venturella G, Venturella F. 2005 − On the chemical composition and nutritional value of Pleurotus taxa growing on umbelliferous plants (Apiaceae). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53, 5997−6002. Doi 10.1021/jf0307696
Huang C, Han X, Luo Q, Nie Y, et al. 2023 − Agro−based spent mushroom compost substrates improve soil properties and microbial diversity in greenhouse tomatoes. Agronomy 13, 2291. Doi 10.3390/agronomy13092291
İnci Ş, Kırbağ S, Akyüz M. 2023 − Growth period, yield, and nutrient contents of Pleurotus citrinopileatus Singer grown on some local agricultural wastes in Turkey. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 13, 15029−15038. Doi 10.1007/s13399-022-03374-4
İnci Ş, Kirbağ S, Akyüz M. 2025 − Valorization of local agro−residues for the cultivation of Pleurotus djamor (Rumph. Ex Fr.) Boedijn and their effects on nutritional value. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 15, 22567–22576. Doi 10.1007/s13399-024-05515-3
Jaffali C, Khadhri A, Aschi-Smiti S. 2024 − Domestication of Pleurotus eryngii mycelium and primordia formation on various agricultural residues. Waste and Biomass Valorization 15, 1113−1122. Doi 10.1007/s12649-023-02239-9
Jayaraman S, Yadav B, Dalal RC, Naorem A, et al. 2024 − Mushroom farming: A review. Focusing on soil health, nutritional security and environmental sustainability. Farming System 2, 100098.
Jeoung YK, Kim JH, Baek IS, Lee YS, et al. 2018 − Effects of substrate composition on the primordia and growth of fruiting body in Pleurotus nebrodensis during bottle cultivation. Journal of Mushroom 16, 1−8.
Kim YJ, Ha TM, Kim JH, Choi JY, et al. 2023 − Characteristics and breeding of the new cultivar of Pleurotus nebrodensis ‘Boram’. Journal of Mushrooms 21, 145−149.
Khan MN, Sial TA, Ali A, Wahid F. 2024 − Impact of agricultural wastes on environment and possible management strategies. In: Núñez-Delgado A. (eds). Frontier Studies in Soil Science. Springer, Cham. Doi 10.1007/978-3-031-50503-4_4
Koutrotsios G, Kalogeropoulos N, Kaliora AC, Zervakis GI. 2018 − Toward an increased functionality in oyster (Pleurotus) mushrooms produced on grape marc or olive mill wastes serving as sources of bioactive compounds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 66,
−5983. Doi 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01532
Koutrotsios G, Tagkouli D, Bekiaris G, Kaliora A, et al. 2022 − Enhancing the nutritional and functional properties of Pleurotus citrinopileatus mushrooms through the exploitation of winery and olive mill wastes. Food Chemistry 370, 131022.
Doi 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131022
Kumla J, Suwannarach N, Sujarit K, Penkhrue W, et al. 2020 − Cultivation of mushrooms and their lignocellulolytic enzyme production through the utilization of agro−industrial waste. Molecules 25, 2811. Doi 10.3390/molecules25122811
Magdziak Z, Gąsecka M, Stuper-Szablewska K, Siwulski M, et al. 2021 − A possibility to use selected crop post−extraction wastes to improve the composition of cultivated mushroom Pleurotus citrinopileatus. Journal of Fungi 7, 894. Doi 10.3390/jof7110894
Mahari WAW, Peng W, Nam WL, Yang H, et al. 2020 − A review on valorization of oyster mushroom and waste generated in the mushroom cultivation industry. Journal of Hazardous Materials 400, 123156. Doi 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123156
Majib NM, Sam ST, Yaacob ND, Rohaizad NM, Tan WK. 2023 − Characterization of fungal foams from edible mushrooms using different agricultural wastes as substrates for packaging material. Polymers 15, 873. Doi 10.3390/polym15040873
Martín C, Zervakis GI, Xiong S, Koutrotsios G, Strætkvern KO. 2023 − Spent substrate from mushroom cultivation: exploitation potential toward various applications and value−added products. Bioengineered 14, 2252138. Doi 10.1080/21655979.2023.2252138
Melanouri EM, Dedousi M, Diamantopoulou P. 2022 − Cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii mushroom strains on agro−industrial residues in solid−state fermentation. Part I: Screening for growth, endoglucanase, laccase and biomass production in the
colonization phase. Carbon Resources Conversion 5, 61−70. Doi 10.1016/j.crcon.2021.12.004
Mleczek M, Budka A, Siwulski M, Mleczek P, et al. 2020 − Investigation of differentiation of metal contents of Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus sold commercially in Poland between 2009 and 2017. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis
, 103488. Doi 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103488.
Mohd Hanafi FH, Rezania S, Mat Taib S, et al. 2018 − Environmentally sustainable applications of agro-based spent mushroom substrate (SMS): an overview. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 20, 1383–1396. Doi 10.1007/s10163-018-0739-0
Mujtaba M, Fraceto LF, Fazeli M, Mukherjee S, et al. 2023 − Lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural waste to the circular economy: a review with focus on biofuels, biocomposites and bioplastics. Journal of Cleaner Production 402, 136815. Doi 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136815
Munir N, Ramli ANM, Norsazali NFS, Bhuyar P. 2024 − Valorization of agro−industrial waste for the advancement of mushrooms and their production yield. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 14, 26415–26426. Doi 10.1007/s13399-023-04773-x
Philippoussis A, Zervakis G, Diamantopoulou P. 2001 − Bioconversion of agricultural lignocellulosic wastes through the cultivation of the edible mushrooms Agrocybe aegerita, Volvariella volvacea and Pleurotus spp. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
, 191−200. Doi 10.1023/A:1016685530312
Ragunathan R, Swaminathan K. 2003 − Nutritional status of Pleurotus spp. grown on various agro−wastes. Food Chemistry 80, 371−375. Doi 10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00275-3
Raman J, Jang KY, Oh YL, Oh M, et al. 2021 − Cultivation and nutritional value of prominent Pleurotus spp.: an overview. Mycobiology 49, 1−14 Doi 10.1080/12298093.2020.1835142
Ritota M, Manzi P. 2019 − Pleurotus spp. cultivation on different agri−food by−products: example of biotechnological application. Sustainability 11, 5049. Doi 10.3390/su11185049
Sakellari A, Karavoltsos S, Tagkouli D, Rizou C, et al. 2019 − Trace elements in Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, and P. nebrodensis mushrooms cultivated on various agricultural by−products. Analytical Letters 52, 2692−2709. Doi 10.1080/00032719.2019.1594865
Sardar H, Ali MA, Anjum MA, Nawaz F, et al. 2017 − Agro−industrial residues influence mineral elements accumulation and nutritional composition of king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii). Scientia Horticulturae 225, 327−334. Doi 10.1016/j.scienta.2017.07.010
Sarkar S, Bayen S, Samanta S, Pal D. 2024 − Spent mushroom substrate−prospects and challenges of agro−waste management into sustainable solutions: A review. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology, 17, 731−741.
Sharma N, Ganjoo A, Gairola S, Srivastava A, et al. 2023 − Two commercially important culinary mushrooms; Pleurotus spp. and Lentinus spp. and their cultivation potential on lignocellulosic waste from aromatic plants. Vegetos 36, 52−61. Doi 10.1007/s42535-022-
-2
Suwannarach N, Kumla J, Zhao Y, Kakumyan P. 2022 − Impact of cultivation substrate and microbial community on improving mushroom productivity: A review. Biology 11, 569. Doi 10.3390/biology11040569
Thakur MP. 2020 − Advances in mushroom production: Key to food, nutritional and employment security: A review. Indian Phytopathology 73, 377−395. Doi 10.1007/s42360-020-00244-9
Törős G, El-Ramady H, Béni Á, Peles F, et al. 2024 − Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom: a promising feed supplement in poultry farming. Agriculture 14, 663. Doi 10.3390/agriculture14050663
Umor NA, Ismail S, Abdullah S, Huzaifah MHR, et al. 2021 − Zero waste management of spent mushroom compost. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 23, 1726−1736. Doi 10.1007/s10163-021-01250-3
Venturella G, Zervakis GI, Polemis E, Gargano ML. 2016 − Taxonomic identity, geographic distribution, and commercial exploitation of the culinary-medicinal mushroom Pleurotus nebrodensis (Basidiomycetes). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 18, 59−65.
Doi 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v18.i1.70
Wang S, Zhao S, Huang Z, Yin L, et al. 2018 − Development of a highly productive strain of Pleurotus tuoliensis for commercial cultivation by crossbreeding. Scientia Horticulturae 234, 110−115. Doi 10.1016/j.scienta.2018.02.001
Yaashikaa PR, Kumar PS, Varjani S. 2022 − Valorization of agro−industrial wastes for biorefinery process and circular bioeconomy: a critical review. Bioresource Technology 343, 126126. Doi 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126126
Zadrazil F. 1978 − Cultivation of Pleurotus. In: The biology and cultivation of edible mushrooms (Chang ST, Hayes WA, eds), Academic Press, New York, pp 521−558.
Zervakis G, Venturella G. 2002 − Mushroom breeding and cultivation enhances ex situ conservation of Mediterranean Pleurotus taxa. In: Engels JMM, Ramanatha Rao V, Brown AHD, Jackson MT (eds.), Managing plant genetic diversity, CABI Publishing, pp 351−358.
Zervakis GI, Koutrotsios G. 2017 − Solid−state fermentation of plant residues and agro−industrial wastes for the production of medicinal mushrooms. In: Agrawal DC, Tsay H–S, Shyur L–F, Wu Y–C, Wang S–Y (eds.), Medicinal plants and fungi: recent advances in research and
development, Springer, Singapore, pp 365–396.
Zervakis GI, Ntougias S, Gargano ML, Besi MI, et al. 2014 − A reappraisal of the Pleurotus eryngii complex – New species and taxonomic combinations based on the application of a polyphasic approach, and an identification key to Pleurotus taxa associated with Apiaceae
plants. Fungal Biology 118, 814−834. Doi 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.07.001
Zou Y, Du F, Hu Q, Yuan X, et al. 2020 − Integration of Pleurotus tuoliensis cultivation and biogas production for utilization of lignocellulosic biomass as well as its benefit evaluation. Bioresource Technolology 317, 124042. Doi 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124042
