Cultivation of Trametes versicolor on supplemented agro-forestry wastes and characterization of growth parameters and evaluation of antioxidant activity
Keywords:
Antioxidant activity, Phylogeny , Promising agent, Trametes versicolor, Waste managementAbstract
Trametes versicolor (turkey tail) is one of the wild medicinal mushrooms, and the most important of all medicinal mushrooms. No attempt had been made in Iran to cultivate this precious mushroom. T. versicolor was collected from the Hyrcanian forest area in the north of Iran. Sawdust 90% + Wheat Bran 10% substrate formulation showed better results in terms of spawn run period, Primordial initiation, total cultivation period, and days for the first harvest, which recorded values of 21.7±1, 24.3±1, 39.7±2, and 29.7±4, respectively. However, better yield performance and biological efficiency were recorded in Sawdust 70% + Wheat Bran 30% substrate formulation (S10) with values of 159±4 g/kg and 45.5±1%, respectively. The substrate moisture content was 65%, and the relative humidity and temperature in the fruiting body room were maintained at 80-90% and 24±1, respectively. The results showed that the highest values of TPC (total phenolic content) and TFC (total flavonoid content) among fruiting bodies harvested from 13 various substrates were recorded in S10, with values of 78±1 and 14.76±2 mg QE/g DW, respectively. Subsequently, the highest DPPH free radical scavenging (antioxidant activity) was recorded in the same medium, with an IC50 of 24.28±1 µg/mL. These findings demonstrate significant potential for using local waste for the production of medicinal mushrooms, as well as for T. versicolor extract as a natural source of antioxidant(s) and/or radical scavengers, which could eventually be used as medicinal compounds or food supplements in the treatment of diseases.
References
Anusiya G, Gowthama Prabu U, Yamini NV, Yamini NV, et al. 2021 – A review of the therapeutic and biological effects of edible and wild mushrooms. Bioengineered 12(2), 11239–11268.
Atila F, Tuzel Y, Fernández JA. 2018 – The effect of some agro–industrial wastes on yield, nutritional characteristics and antioxidant activities of Hericium erinaceus isolates. Scientia Horticulturae 238, 246–254.
Binder M, Hibbett D. 2003 – Oligonucleotides. AFTOL project. Available at: https://docplayer.net/47972888-Oligonucleotides-manfred-binder-and-david-hibbett-9-18-2003.html (Accessed on March 13, 2023)
Bunroj A, Sawasdikarn J, Rassami W. 2017 – Research and Development Project of H. erinaceus Mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) Cultivation in East of Thailand. International Journal of Agricultural Technology 13, 1529–1535.
Chang HY, Roh MG. 1999 – Physiological characteristics of Hericium erinaceus in sawdust media. Korean Journal of Mycology 27, 252–255.
Cheng K-F, Leung P-C. 2008 – General review of polysaccharopeptides (PSP) from C. versicolor: pharmacological and clinical studies. Cancer Therapy 6, 117–130.
Dambalkar VS, Rudrawar BD, Poojari VR. 2015 – Study of physico-chemical properties and sensory attributes of beetroot-orange RTS drink. International Journal of Science and Research 4(10), 589–594.
Dzaka J, Akpesey C. 2017 – Assessing the effect of sorghum spent grain (pito mash) supplementation on the growth performance and yield of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) Kummer cultivated on cornstalks. Mycology 8, 21–27.
Elisashvili V, Kachlishvili E, Wasser S. 2009 – Carbon and nitrogen source effects on Basidiomycetes exopolysaccharide production. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 45, 531–535.
Fabros JA, Lazo MKM, Magpantay JES, Abon MD, et al. 2023 – The effect of nutritional and physical factors on the growth of Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd and its mycochemical and cytotoxic properties. Studies in Fungi 8, 18.
Ferreira IC, Barros L, Abreu R. 2009 – Antioxidants in wild mushrooms. Current Medicinal Chemistry 16(12), 1543–1560.
Gonzalez JC, Medina SC, Rodriguez A, Osma JF, Alméciga-Díaz CJ, Sánchez OF. 2013 – Production of Trametes pubescens laccase under submerged and semi-solid culture conditions on agro-industrial wastes. PLos One 8(9), e73721.
Hassan FRH. 2007 – Cultivation of the monkey head mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) in Egypt. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 3(10), 1229–1233.
Hossain SA, Mazrin M, Habibullah MH. 2023 – Determination of organic carbon of soil by the Walkley & Black Method. Jashore University of Science and Technology. Doi 10.13140/RG.2.2.32699.80162/1
Hsieh TC, Wu JM. 2001 – Cell growth and gene modulatory activities of Yunzhi (Windsor Wunxi) from mushroom Trametes versicolor in androgen-dependent and androgen-insensitive human prostate cancer cells. International Journal of Oncology 18, 81–89.
Hybelbauerova S, Sejbal J, Dračinsky M, Hahnova A, et al. 2008 – Chemical
constituents of Stereum subtomentosum and two other birch-associated Basidiomycetes: Aninterspecies comparative study. Chemistry & Biodiversity 5, 743–750.
Ito T, Kobayashi T, Egusa C, Maeda T, et al. 2020 – A case of food allergy due to three different mushroom species. Allergology International 69(1), 152–153.
Jahedi A, Ahmadifar S, Mohammadi R, Mohammadigoltapeh E. 2025 – The lignicolous fungus Hericium erinaceus (Lion’s Mane Mushroom): A promising natural source of antiradical and DPPH inhibitory agents. The Scientific World Journal 2025, Article ID 5964432. Doi 10.1155/tswj/5964432
Jahedi A, Ahmadifar S, Mohammadigoltapeh E. 2024 – Revival of wild edible-medicinal mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) based on organic agro-industrial waste-achieving a commercial protocol with the highest yield; optimum reuse of organic waste. Scientia Horticulturae 323, 112510.
Jahedi A, Salehi M, Goltapeh EM, Safaie N. 2023 – Multilayer perceptron-genetic algorithm as a promising tool for modeling cultivation substrate of Auricularia cornea Native to Iran. Plos One 18(2), e0281982.
Jin Z, Li Y, Ren J, Qin N. 2018 – Yield, nutritional content, and antioxidant activity of Pleurotus ostreatus on corncobs supplemented with herb residues. Mycobiology 46(1), 24–32.
Jo WS, Kang MJ, Choi SY, Yoo YB, Seok SJ, Jung HY. 2010 – Culture conditions for mycelial growth of Coriolus versicolor. Mycobiology 38(3), 195–202.
Johnsy G, Kaviyarasan V. 2011 – Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Trametes gibbosa. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 4(11), 3939–3942.
Joshua JN, Swastika IPA, Estiyanti NM. 2016 – The effectiveness of e-learning implementation using social learning network schoology on motivation & learning achievement. Jurnal Nasional Pendidikan Teknik Informatika: JANAPATI 5(1), 28–33.
Justo A, Hibbett DS. 2011 – Phylogenetic classification of Trametes (Basidiomycota, Polyporales) based on a five–marker dataset. Taxon 60(6), 1567–1583.
Kalbarczyk J, Jamroz J. 1989 – Możliwości wykorzystania grzybów wyższych do produkcji białka z surowców odpadowych [Possibilities of using higher fungi to produce protein from waste materials]. Przemysł Spożywczy 6, 151–153.
Kamiyama M, Horiuchi M, Umano K, Kondo K. 2013 – Antioxidant/antiinflammatory activities and chemical composition of extracts from the mushroom Trametes versicolor. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences 2, 85–91.
Katoh K, Standley DM. 2013 – MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30, 772–780.
Knežević A, Stajić M, Sofrenić I, Stanojković T, et al. 2018 – Antioxidative, antifungal, cytotoxic and antineurodegenerative activity of selected Trametes species from Serbia. PLoS ONE 13(8), e0203064.
Kumar KS, Ganesan K, Subba PV. 2008 – Antioxidant potential of solvent extracts of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty-An edible seaweed. Food Chemistry 107, 289.
Le VV. 2021 – Successful rescue of wild Trametes versicolor strains using sawdust and rice husk-based substrate. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 24(3), 374–382.
Liang CH, Wu CY, Lu PL, Kuo YC, et al. 2019 – Biological efficiency and nutritional value of the culinary-medicinal mushroom Auricularia cultivated on a sawdust basal substrate supplement with different proportions of grass plants. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 26(2), 263–269.
Luo KW, Yue GGL, Ko CH, Lee JK-M, et al. 2014 – In vivo and in vitro antitumor and anti-metastasis effects of Coriolus versicolor aqueous extract on mouse mammary 4T1 carcinoma. Phytomedicine 21, 1078–1087.
Mihaylova D, Lante A. 2019 – Water an eco-friendly crossroad in green extraction: An overview. Open Biotechnology Journal 13, 155–162.
Nguyen BTT, Le VV, Nguyen HTT, Nguyen LT, et al. 2021 – Nutritional requirements for the enhanced mycelial growth and yield performance of Trametes versicolor. Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology 9(1), 1–7.
Nylander JAA. 2004 – MrModeltest v2. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre. Uppsala University.
Oei P. 2003 – Mushroom cultivation, appropriate technology for mushroom growers. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers.
Osma JF, Toca-Herrera JL, Rodríguez-Couto S. 2011 – Cost analysis in laccase production. Journal of Environmental Management 92, 2907–2912.
Owaid MN, Abed AM, Nassar BM. 2015 – Recycling cardboard wastes to produce blue oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus in Iraq. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 27, 537–541.
Philippoussis A. 2009 – Production of mushrooms using agro-industrial residues as substrates in Singh nee. In: Nigam P, Pandey A (eds) Biotechnology for Agroindustrial Residues Utilisation. Springer Science and Business Media, pp. 163–196.
Pop RM, Puia IC, Puia A, Chedea VS, et al. 2018 – Characterization of Trametes versicolor: Medicinal mushroom with important health benefits. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 46, 343–349.
Rašeta M, Popović M, Knežević P, Šibul F, Kaišarević S, Karaman M. 2020 – Bioactive phenolic compounds of two medicinal mushroom species Trametes versicolor and Stereum subtomentosum as antioxidant and antiproliferative agents. Chemistry & Biodiversity 17(12), e2000683.
Sadh PK, Chawla P, Duhan JS. 2018 – Fermentation approach on phenolic, antioxidants and functional properties of peanut press cake. Food Bioscience 22, 113–120.
Shashirekha MN, Rajarathnam S, Bano Z. 2005 – Effects of supplementing rice straw growth substrate with cotton seeds on the analytical characteristics of the mushroom, Pleurotus Florida (Block & Tsao). Food Chemistry 92(2), 255–259.
Slinkard K, Singleton VL. 1977 – Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 28, 49–55.
Stamets P. 1993 – Evaluating a mushroom strain: Photosensitivity, Growing gourmet and medical mushrooms. Ten Speed Press.
Thatoi H, Singdevsachan SK, Patra JK. 2018 – Prebiotics and their production from unconventional raw materials (Mushrooms). In: Grumezescu AM, Holban AM. Therapeutic, Probiotic, and Unconventional Foods, Chapter 5. Elsevier, 79–99.
Thawthong A, Karunarathna SC, Thongklang N, Chukeatirote E. 2014 – Discovering and domesticating wild tropical cultivatable mushrooms. Chiang Mai Journal of Science 41(4), 731–764.
Toor RK, Savage GP. 2005 – Antioxidant activities in different fractions of tomato. Food Research International 38, 487–494.
Tripathy A, Patel AK, Shahoo TK. 2009 – Effect of various substrate on linear mycelial growth and fructification of Volvariella diplasia. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 34, 1–4.
Uhart M, Piscera JM, Albertó E. 2008 – Utilization of new naturally occurring strains and supplementation to improve the biological efficiency of the edible mushroom Agrocybe cylindracea. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 35(6), 595–602.
Wahab A. 2021 – Some New Records of Trametes (Polyporales, Basidiomycota); from Pakistan. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research 2(2), 1–17.
Wang SY, Lin HS. 2000 – Antioxidant activity in fruits and leaves of blackberry, raspberry and strawberry varies with cultivar and developmental stage. Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48, 140–146.
White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J. 1990 – Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: PCR Protocols, a Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, Inc., pp. 315–322.
Wu F, Yuan Y, He SH, Bandara AR, et al. 2015 – Global diversity and taxonomy of the Auricularia auricula-judae complex (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota). Mycological Progress 14(10), 95.
Yang W, Guo F, Wan Z. 2013 – Yield and size of oyster mushroom grown on rice/wheat straw basal substrate supplemented with cotton seed hull. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 20, 333–338.
Zhu N. 2007 – Effect of low initial C/N ratio on aerobic composting of swine manure with rice straw. Bioresource Technology 98, 9–13.
