Colour fastness Properties of Spent Coffee Ground Dye on Hemp Fabric via Ultrasonic-Assisted Simultaneous Mordanting and Dyeing
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Abstract
This research aimed to develop and investigate the efficiency of simultaneous mordanting and dyeing of hemp fabric with spent coffee grounds using an ultrasonic-assisted technique, and it examined the effects of four mordants-potassium aluminium sulfate, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and stannous chloride-compared with unmordanted fabric on colour strength and colour values, as well as on colour fastness to washing, rubbing, artificial light, perspiration, and water according to the ISO standards. The results showed that all mordanted hemp fabrics exhibited markedly higher colour strength (K/S) than the unmordanted fabric, with copper sulfate giving the highest K/S value and a dark greyish-green shade, followed by ferrous sulfate, which produced a dark brown shade, while potassium aluminium sulfate gave a medium brown shade close to the natural colour of the dye, and stannous chloride increased the K/S value only slightly while preserving the original dye tone the most. In terms of colour fastness, all fabric groups showed good-to-excellent fastness to washing and to water (grade 4–5), but wet rubbing fastness was clearly lower than dry rubbing fastness, particularly among the mordanted groups, whereas fastness to artificial light and to perspiration ranged from moderate to good across all groups, with ferrous sulfate and stannous chloride giving slightly higher light fastness than the other mordants. These findings therefore confirm that ultrasonic-assisted simultaneous mordanting and dyeing can effectively enhance both the colour strength and the colour fastness of spent-coffee-ground dye on hemp fabric, offering an environmentally friendly approach for valorising coffee-industry waste in line with circular-economy principles
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